Resources

Below you will find every relevant source that was used to inform the country analyses, ordered per country in a dropdown menu. This page will be updated along with updates to the country analyses.

For access to publicly released government and civil society documentation on CHMR, please visit our partner website Unredacted. Unredacted is a research unit that investigates and documents national security practices. Unredacted serves as a repository for thousands of Freedom of Information releases and provides a useful search engine for finding documents.

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United States
United Kingdom
The Netherlands

United States
  • USDP, “Civilian Harm Mitigation and Response”, n.d. [Link]
  • Legal Information Institute “Foreign Claims Act: 10 U.S. Code § 2734 - Property Loss; Personal Injury or Death: Incident to Noncombat Activities of the Armed Forces; Foreign Countries,” [Link]
  • “American Service-Members’ Protection Act,” 2003 [Link]
  • US Department of Defense. “Law of War Manual,” June 2015 (Updated July 2023). [Link]
  • The White House. “Executive Order - United States Policy on Pre- and Post-Strike,” July 1, 2016. [Link]
  • 2018 National Defense Authorization Act, section 1057 [Link]
  • 2019 National Defense Authorization Act, section 1057 [Link]
  • The White House. “Executive Order on Revocation of Reporting Requirement – the White House,” March 6, 2019. [Link]
  • US Under Secretary of Defense. “Interim regulations for condolence and sympathy payments to friendly for injury or loss that is incident to military operations,” June 22, 2020. [Link]
  • Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas — UNODA. “The Political Declaration,” 2022. [Link]
  • The White House. “Presidential Policy Memorandum (PPM) Governing Direct Action in Counterterrorism Operations Outside Areas of Active Hostilities,” 2022. [link] US Department of Defense. “Civilian Harm Mitigation and Response Action Plan (CHMR- AP),” August 25, 2022. [Link]
  • US Department of Defense. “Civilian Harm Mitigation and Response Action Plan (CHMR- AP),” August 25, 2022. [Link]
  • US Department of Defense “Payment of Expenses to Help Respond to Civilian Harm,” 2023. [Link]
  • US Department of Defense. “DOD Instruction Civilian Harm Mitigation and Response 3000.17,” December 21, 2023. [Link]
  • United States Africa Command. “Civilian Harm Reporting” n.d. [Link]
  • US Department of Defense. “2023 Annual Report on Civilian Casualties in US Military Operations,” December 19, 2024. [Link]
  • Human Rights Watch. “Getting Away with Torture? Command Responsibility for the U.S. Abuse of Detainees.” April 2005. [Link]
  • American Civil Liberties Union. “ACLU Letter Urges President Obama to Reject Targeted Killings Outside Conflict Zones,” American Civil Liberties Union, April 27, 2010. [Link]
  • See Wu, Nichlas and John Fritze, “Trump Pardons Servicemembers in High Profile War Crimes Cases,” USA TODAY, November 16, 2019. [Link]
  • Center for Civilians in Conflict & Columbia Law School Human Rights Institute. “In Search of Answers: U.S. Military Investigations and Civilian Harm,” 2020. [Link]
  • Mahanty, Daniel R. and Annie Shiel, “Protecting Civilians Still Matters in Great-Power Conflict,” Defense One, April 13, 2021. [Link]
  • Shiel, Annie. “DOD’S New Ex Gratia Policy: What’s Right, What’s Wrong, and What’s Next.” Just Security, June 2, 2021. [Link]
  • Burke, Roseanne and Mark Lattimer. “Reparations for civilian harm from military operations: Towards a UK policy” Ceasefire Centre for Civilian Rights, November 2021. [Link]
  • McNerney, Michael J., Gabrielle Tarini, Karen M. Sudkamp, Larry Lewis, Michelle Grisé, and Pauline Moore. “U.S. Department of Defense Civilian Casualty Policies And Procedures: An Independent Assessment.” RAND, January 27, 2022. [Link]
  • Airwars. “Analysis: US Declares Its Military Actions Worldwide Killed No Civilians in 2022,” https://airwars.org/research/analysis-us-declares-its-military-actions-worldwide-killed-no- civilians-in-2022/. See also Airwars. “US forces in Somalia,” n.d. [Link]
  • Karlshoej-Pedersen, Megan. “US-UK Strikes in Yemen Raise Questions About Commitments on Civilian Harm Mitigation.” Just Security, May 1,
 2024. [Link]
  • Naples-Mitchell, Joanna, and Annie Shiel. “For Another Year, DoD Fails to Make Condolence Payments to Civilian Harm Victims.” Just Security, May 8,
 2024. [Link]
  • Center for Civilians in Conflict & Stimson Center. “Tracking implementation of the Civilian Harm Mitigation and Response Action Plan (CHMR-AP),” November 2024. [Link]
  • The New York Times. “The Civilian Casualty Files,” n.d. [Link]
  • CBS News. “Marine Gets No Jail Time for Haditha Killings,” January 24, 2012. [Link]
  • BBC. “Decorated US soldier 'admitted murder in CIA job interview'”. BBC, 14 December, 2018. [Link]
  • The New York Times. “How a U.S. Drone Strike Killed the Wrong Person,” September 10, 2021. [Link]
  • Nezhat, Omar, Meg Kelly, Alex Horton and Imogen Piper. “U.S. officials walk back claim drone strike killed senior al-Qaeda leader,” The Washington Post, May 18, 2023. [Link]
  • Horton, Alex and Meg Kelly. “U.S. forces thought they killed a terrorist. They got the wrong man,” The Washington Post, May 2, 2024. [Link]
  • Kelly, Meg and Missy Ryan. “Pentagon urged to make payments for slain, injured civilians.” The Washington Post, November 16, 2024. [Link]
View full analysis

United Kingdom
  • UK Government. “Armed Forces Act 2006.” 2006. [Link]
  • Foreign Affairs Committee. “Annual Report on Human Rights 2006.” June 2007. [Link]
  • NATO. “Night Raids Tactical Directive.” January 23, 2010. [Link]
  • Ministry of Defence, J9 Policy Division, Permanent Joint Headquarters (UK). “Request for Information, Reference: 06-06-2011-110425-006.” J9 POLOPS 10A, June 9, 2011. [Link]
  • Ministry of Defence. “Memorandum from the Ministry of Defence on Operations in Afghanistan.” November 2011. [Link]
  • Ministry of Defence, J9 FOI Secretariat Permanent Joint Headquarters (UK). “Request for Information, Reference: FOI2016/08593.” October 11, 2016. [Link]
  • Stabilisation Unit. “Working in a Military Headquarters (Exercises and Operations) – Deployee Guide.” December 12, 2016. [Link]
  • Ministry of Defence. “Joint Doctrine Publication 3-46 Legal Support to Joint Operations.” 2018. [Link]
  • UK Parliament. “Counter-Daesh Operations – Statement by State Secretary for Defence Gavin Williamson.” May 2, 2018. [Link]
  • Ministry of Defence, J9 Secretariat Permanent Joint Headquarters (UK). “Request for Information. Reference: FOI 2019/07855 (189).” September 11, 2019. [Link]
  • Ministry of Defence. “JSP 918, Joint Terminal Attack Controller Policy.” July 2020. [Link]
  • Foreign & Commonwealth Office, Department for International Development and Ministry of Defence. “UK Approach to Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict.” August 27, 2020. [Link]
  • The Iraq Fatality Investigations. “Consolidated report into the death of Saeed Radhi Shabram Wawi Al-Bazooni.” September 2020. [Link]
  • UK Parliament. “UK war crimes in Iraq: The ICC Prosecutor’s report.” January 15, 2021. [Link]
  • Ministry of Defence. “Overseas Operations (Service Personnel and Veterans) Act 2021.” July 2021. [Link]
  • Ministry of Defence. “Service Police Legacy Investigations,” GOV.UK, October 19, 2021. [Link]
  • Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas — UNODA. “The Political Declaration.” 2022. [Link]
  • Heappy, James. “Armed Conflict: Civilians,” TheyWorkForYou, January 27, 2022. [Link]
  • Heappey, James. “Iraq and Syria: Military Intervention,” TheyWorkForYou, March 22, 2023. [Link]
  • Ministry of Defence. “Iraq Fatality Investigations,” GOV.UK, November 1, 2022. [Link]
  • Independent Inquiry Relating To Afghanistan. “Witness Statement: Colonel Kristian Paul Rotchell,” Unredacted, September 14, 2023. [Link]
  • Ministry of Defence. “JSP 985, Human Security in Defence Volume 1: Incorporating Human Security in the way we Operate.” June 2024. [Link]
  • Woods, Chris. “Europe’s Shame: Claims by Key Allies of No Civilian Harm in War Against ISIS Exposed.” Airwars, March 15, 2020. [Link]
  • Bijl, Erin. “Civilian Harm Reporting Mechanisms,” PAX, May 9, 2020. [Link]
  • Burke, Roseanne and Mark Lattimer. “Reparations for civilian harm from military operations: Towards a UK policy” Ceasefire Centre for Civilian Rights, November 2021. [Link]
  • McNerney, Michael J., Gabrielle Tarini, Karen M. Sudkamp, Larry Lewis, Michelle Grisé, and Pauline Moore. “U.S. Department of Defense Civilian Casualty Policies And Procedures: An Independent Assessment.” RAND, January 27, 2022. [Link]
  • Stubbins Bates, Elizabeth. “Strengthening UK military investigations into civilian harm: Towards compliance, mitigation and accountability.” Ceasefire Center for Civilian Rights, November 2024. [Link]
  • BBC News, “UK Government and Military Accused of War Crimes Cover-up,” BBC, November 17, 2019. [Link]
  • Leigh Day. “Bereaved Families Welcome Statutory Inquiry Into Alleged Extrajudicial Killings in Afghanistan,” December 15, 2022. [Link]
  • Graham-Harrison, Emma, and Joe Dyke. “Only Official Civilian Victim of UK’s Bombing Campaign Against IS Appears Not to Exist.” The Guardian, April 4, 2023. [Link]
  • Graham-Harrison, Emma, and Joe Dyke. “Lives Torn Apart by British Airstrikes in Mosul Give Lie to UK’s ‘Perfect’ Precision War.” The Guardian, April 14, 2023. [Link]
  • Graham-Harrison, Emma. “Ministry of Defence Lacks ‘Effective Oversight’ of Civilian Casualties, Tribunal Hears.” The Guardian, November 30, 2023. [Link]
  • Gunter, Joel, Hannah O’Grady & Rory Tinman. “SAS Public Inquiry Obtains Deleted Computer Evidence,” BBC, July 2, 2024. [Link]
View full analysis

The Netherlands
  • Ministerie van Defensie. “Civilian casualties,” n.d. [Link]
  • Nederlandse Grondwet. “Artikel 100: Handhaving of Bevordering Internationale Rechtsorde,” n.d. [Link]
  • Openbaar Ministerie. “Brief d.d. 20 november 2006 van het College van procureurs-generaal gericht aan de hoofdofficier van justitie te Arnhem, inhoudende de Handelwijze bij geweldsaanwending militairen,” Staatscourant, November 29, 2006. [Link]
  • Tweede Kamer der Staten Generaal. “Aanhangsel van de handelingen. Vragen van het lid Van Bommel (SP) aan de minister van Defensie over burgerslachtoffers in Uruzgan,” December 24, 2009. [Link]
  • Ministerie van Defensie. “Nota: Procedure minimaliseren/melden burgerslachtoffers,” December 19, 2014. [Link]
  • Ministerie van Defensie. “Transparantie burgerslachtoffers bij luchtaanvallen in de strijd tegen ISIS.,” November 4, 2019. [Link]
  • Tweede Kamer. “Gewijzigde motie van het lid Diks over onderzoeken van incidenten bij militaire inzet in coalitieverband (t.v.v. 35363-3)” December 19, 2019. [Link]
  • Ministerie van Defensie. “Bestrijding internationaal terrorisme,” November 25, 2019. [Link]
  • Ministerie van Defensie. “Nederlandse Defensie Doctrine 2019.”
Defensie.nl, [Link]
  • Ministerie van Defensie. “Procedure informeren Tweede Kamer bij vermoeden van burgerslachtoffers tgv Nederlandse wapeninzet ihkv art. 100 van de Grondwet,” 2020. [Link]
  • Ministerie van Defensie. “Bestrijding internationaal terrorisme ,” April 21, 2020. [Link]
  • Tweede Kamer der Staten Generaal. “Motie van de Leden Voordewind en Belhaj,” May 14, 2020. [Link]
  • Ministerie van Defensie. “Kamerbrief Voortgang transparantiebeleid burgerslachtoffers,” June 30, 2020. [Link]
  • Ministerie van Defensie. “Besluit op uw Wob-verzoek.” July 21, 2020. [Link]
  • Ministerie van Defensie. “Vergoeding nabestaande wapeninzet Mosul.” September 8, 2020. [Link]
  • Ministerie van Defensie. “Bestrijding Internationaal Terrorisme,” December 2, 2020. [Link]
  • Ministerie van Defensie. “The Dutch Contribution to the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF).” Defensie.nl, April 21, 2021. [Link]
  • Openbaar Ministerie. “Besluit Wob-verzoek inzake burgerdoden Afghanistan.” November 1, 2021. [Link]
  • Ministerie van Defensie. “Kamerbrief Stappenplan inzake burgerslachtoffers bij inzet in het kader van artikel 100 van de Grondwet,” April 7, 2022. [Link]
  • Ministerie van Defensie. “Antwoord op vragen van het lid van Dijk (SP) over de afhandeling schadevergoeding slachtoffers bombardement van Hawija,” April 7, 2022. [Link]
  • Ministerie van Defensie. “Antwoorden op vragen van de leden Sylvana Simons (BIJ1) en Jasper van Dijk (SP) aan de Minister van Defensie over door Nederland veroorzaakte doden, leed en schade in Hawija, Irak”, May 18, 2022. [Link]
  • Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas — UNODA. “The Political Declaration,” 2022. [Link]
  • Openbaar Ministerie. “Instructie Handelwijze Bij Geweldsaanwending Door Militairen,” March 1, 2023. [Link]
  • Ministerie van Defensie. “Weekoverzicht Defensieoperaties.” Defensie.nl, June 7, 2023. [Link]
  • Ministerie van Defensie. “Antwoorden op vragen van het lid Futselaar (SP) aan de Minister van Defensie over de ontwikkelingen met de schadevergoeding aan de bevolking van Hawija,” July 24, 2023. [Link]
  • Ministerie van Defensie. “Besluit op uw Woo-verzoek betreffende vaandelopschriften Afghanistan,” September 25, 2023. [Link]
  • Rijksoverheid. “Kamerbrief over Artikel 100-bijdrage aan maritieme veiligheid Rode Zee. March 8, 2024. [Link]
  • Ministerie van Defensie. “Antwoord op vragen van het lid Dobbe over het bericht dat er bij een Nederlandse wapeninzet in Afghanistan in 2007 mogelijk zes burgerslachtoffers zijn gevallen,” April 26, 2024. [Link]
  • Ministerie van Defensie. “Kamerbrief instelling meldpunt burgerslachtoffers,” June 13, 2024. [Link]
  • Ministerie van Defensie. “Database Nederlandse Luchtaanvallen Tijdens Operation Inherent Resolve,” Defensie.nl, October 1, 2024. [Link]
  • Ministerie van Defensie. “Burgerslachtoffers.” Defensie.nl, November 6, 2024. [Link]
  • Ministerie van Defensie. “Reporting Civilian Harm.” Defensie.nl, December 31, 2024. [Link]
  • Commissie van Onderzoek Wapeninzet Hawija, January 2025. [Link]
  • Bijl, Erin. “Civilian Harm Reporting Mechanisms,” PAX, May 9, 2020. [Link]
  • Burke, Roseanne and Mark Lattimer. “Reparations for civilian harm from military operations: Towards a UK policy” Ceasefire Centre for Civilian Rights, November 2021. [Link]
  • McNerney, Michael J., Gabrielle Tarini, Karen M. Sudkamp, Larry Lewis, Michelle Grisé, and Pauline Moore. “U.S. Department of Defense Civilian Casualty Policies And Procedures: An Independent Assessment.” RAND, January 27, 2022. [Link]
  • Azeem, Saba, Lauren Gould, Erin Bijl and Jolle Demmers “After the Strike,” PAX, IRW, Al Ghad, April 8, 2022. [Link]
  • Put, S. van de “Vrijwillige compensatie in militaire operaties,” Miliair Rechtelijk Tijdschrift, April 2, 2024. [Link]
  • Airwars, CIVIC, PAX, Utrecht University. “Looking Back to Look Forward: CHM Recommendations to the MoD.” PAX, May 23, 2024. [Link]
  • Berkhout, Karel. “Een mensenleven is 2.500 tot 4.200 dollar waard. NRC, October 18, 2019. [Link]
  • Meindertsma, Ben and Lex Runderkamp. “In Hawija Is Niemand De Nederlandse Bomaanval Vergeten.” NOS, October 18, 2019. [Link]
  • Meindertsma, Ben “Defensie Had in 2014 Al Richtlijn Voor Compensatie Burgerslachtoffers Irak.” NOS, February 10, 2020. [Link]
  • Meindertsma, Ben. “OM-onderzoek Naar Burgerdoden Hawija Was Laat En Beperkt.” NOS, February 18, 2020. [Link]
  • Schipper, Jannie, and Kees Versteegh. “Nederlandse Bom Doodde 70 Mensen.” NRC, June 4, 2020. [Link]
  • Boffey, Daniel. “Mosul Civilian First to Be Compensated for Mistaken Coalition Bombing.” The Guardian, August 31, 2021. [Link]
  • Versteegh, Kees, and Melvyn Ingleby. “Dutch Government Releases Crucial Data on Air Strikes Against ISIS Following New Evidence of Civilian Casualties.” NRC, March 31, 2023. [Link]
  • Ingleby, Melvyn, and Kees Versteegh. “Het Leed in Hawija Erkennen En Verzachten Is Mislukt.” NRC, July 3, 2023. [Link]
  • Foltyn, Simona. “UN Staff on £1.5bn Iraq Aid Project ‘Demanding Bribes.’” The Guardian, January 23, 2024. [Link]
View full analysis

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